Author: Zrajm Created: 2025-08-03T11:49+02:00 Updated: 2025-09-22T18:45+02:00 License: CC BY-NC-SA (text), GPLv2 (code). Favicon: pic/favicon.svg # Sign Language Writing > This is an overview of all sign language writing systems I've been able to > find in the literature. They range from systems that only use the Latin > alphabet, to systems with a completely novel symbol inventory, and from > detailed transcription systems for scientific use, to writing systems > intended for everyday use. <toc heading=Contents class=toc upto=1> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # List of Writing Systems <figure class=sign-language-table> <!-- START-TABLE --> | Year | Title | <p>Latin | <p>Graphemes | <p>Language | <p>Country | Creator | Status | | ----- | -------------------------------- | -------- | ------------ | ----------- | ---------- | ---------------------------- | --------------- | | -- | [Gloss] | ● | N/A | any | | -- | ? | | ? | [Hand Talk Pictographs] | ○ | N/A | PST? | 🇺🇸 | -- | ? | | 1825 | [Mimography] | ○ | ~190 | LSF | 🇫🇷 | Bébian | hearing | | 1960 | [Kinemics] | ◑ | ? | PST | 🇺🇸 | West | hearing | | 1960 | [Stokoe Notation] | ◑ | 55 | ASL | 🇺🇸 | Stokoe | hearing | | 1965 | [DASL Notation] | ◑ | ? | ASL | 🇺🇸 | Stokoe et al. | hearing & deaf | | 1974 | [SignWriting] | ○ | >670 | Any | 🇩🇰? 🇺🇸 | Sutton | hearing | | 1976 | [Friedman--Mandel Notation] (?) | ? | ? | ASL? | 🇺🇸 | Friedman--Mandel | ? | | 1977 | [Bergman Notation] | ◑ | ~140 | STS | 🇸🇪 | Bergman | hearing | | 1977 | [Eshkol-Wachman Notation] | ? | ? | ASL? | 🇺🇸 | Cohen et al. | ? | | 1980 | [Corazza Notation] | ◕ | ? | LIS | 🇮🇹 | Corazza | deaf | | 1980 | [IVT Notation] | ? | ? | LSF | 🇫🇷 | International Visual Théâtre | ? | | 1984? | [HamNoSys] | ◔ | 210 | Any | 🇩🇪 | Prillwitz; Vollhaber | ? | | 1985 | [Kyle & Woll Notation] | ? | ? | BSL? | 🇬🇧 | Kyle; Woll | ? | | 1987 | [SignFont] | ◔ | ? | ASL | 🇺🇸 | Newkirk | hearing | | 1988 | [Edinburgh--Durham Notation] (?) | ? | ? | BSL? | 🇬🇧 | ? | ? | | 1988 | [Radutzky Notation] (?) | ? | ? | LIS | 🇮🇹 | Radutzky | hearing | | 1989 | [Liddell & Johnson Notation] | ? | ? | ? | 🇺🇸 | Liddell; Johnson | ? | | 1990 | [D'Sign] | ◔ | ? | LSF | 🇫🇷 | Jouison | hearing | | 1990 | [Papaspyrou Notation] | ? | ? | all? | 🇩🇪 | Papaspyrou | ? | | 1990 | [Schermer Notation] (?) | ? | ? | NGT | 🇳🇱 | Schermer | ? | | 1991 | [Johnston Notation] | ? | ? | Auslan? | 🇦🇺 | Johnston | ? | | 1991? | [Zaytseva notation] | ◕ | 19 | RSL | 🇷🇺 | Zaytseva | hearing | | 1992 | [ASL-phabet] | ◔ | 32 | ASL | 🇺🇸 | Supalla | deaf | | 1993 | [ASCII-Stokoe Notation] | ● | ? | ASL | 🇺🇸 | Mandel | hearing | | 1994 | [SBM Notation] | ? | ? | LSF | 🇫🇷 | ? | ? | | 1995 | [Farnell Labanotation] | ○ | ? | PST | 🇺🇸 | Farnell | hearing | | 1995? | [FBL Notation] | ●? | ? | Libras | 🇫🇷 🇧🇷 | Ferreira Brito; Langevin | hearing | | 1996 | [Nève Notation] | ◕ | ? | LSFB | 🇧🇪 | Nève | hearing | | 1997 | [ASL Orthography] | ● | ~45 | ASL | 🇺🇸 | Low | hearing | | 1997 | [AusWrite] (?) | ? | ? | Auslan | 🇦🇺? | David Rose | ? | | 1997 | [ELiS] | ◔ | 90 | Libras/any | 🇧🇷 | Barros | hearing | | 1997 | [SMYLE] | ? | ? | LSF/any | 🇫🇷 | Pierrat-Frappé | hearing | | 1998? | [Dimskis Notation] | ◔ | >260 | RSL | 🇧🇾 🇷🇺 | Dimskis | hearing | | 2001 | [Visagrafía] | ○ | ? | LSC | 🇨🇴 | Gutiérrez et al. | hearing? & deaf | | 2007 | [Early Si5s] | ○ | ~80 | ASL | 🇺🇸 | Arnold Augustus | deaf | | 2003 | [SLIPA] | ● | ? | any | 🇺🇸 | Peterson | hearing | | 2004 | [Tilkin Notation] | ● | ? | LSF | 🇫🇷 | Tilkin | hearing | | 2005 | [SignScript] | ◔ | 130 | ASL | 🇺🇸 | Grushkin | deaf | | 2009 | [ASLSJ] | ● | ? | ASL | 🇺🇸 | Stone | hearing | | 2009 | [SEL] | ? | 173 | Libras | 🇧🇷 | Lessa-de-Oliveira | hearing | | 2012 | [ASLwrite] | ○ | 105 | ASL | 🇺🇸 | Clark; Dameron | deaf | | 2013 | [ASL Font] | ◔ | 95 | ASL | 🇺🇸 | 'ASL Font' | ? | | 2013 | [Late Si5s] | ○ | 80 | ASL | 🇺🇸 | Arnold Augustus | deaf | | 2014 | [Séro-Guillaume Writing] | ● | ? | LSF | 🇫🇷 | Séro-Guillaume | ? | | 2015 | [Typannot] | ◔ | ? | LSF/any | 🇫🇷 | Boutet et al. | hearing | | 2016 | [Signotation] | ? | ? | ASL | 🇺🇸 | Hansen | hearing | | 2017 | [VisoGrafia] | ○ | 37? | Libras/any | 🇧🇷 | Benassi | hearing | | 2020 | [AusWrit] | ○ | ? | Auslan | 🇦🇺? | LinguaPhiliax | hearing | | 2024 | [Iconic Logography] | ◔? | ? | BANZSL | 🇬🇧 | jan Olipija | HoH | | 2024 | [RSL Font] | ◔ | 95? | RSL | 🇷🇺 | Boyko | ? | <!-- END-TABLE --> <figcaption> Table combines data from ASL Font ([2021][ASL Font 2021], "[Comparison of Notation Systems][aslfont-2021-table]"), Cardoso ([2023: 124][Cardoso 2023], [table 35][cardoso-2023-table]), Mendes ([2020: 57--58, 75][Mendes 2020], [tables 1 & 2][mendes-2020-table]), Peterson ([2003][Peterson 2003]: "[XVI. References][peterson-2003-ref]"), Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]: 168, 166), [German Wikipedia: "Gebärdenschrift"](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebärdenschrift) and other sources. </figcaption> </figure> <figure> | | Description | For Latin | |---|--------------|--------------------------------------------------------| | ○ | Not at all | Non-linear | | ◔ | A little bit | Linear, but no Latin symbols | | ◑ | Half | Mix of Latin characters and own symbols | | ◕ | Mostly | Some special symbols (typewriter + pen or overwriting) | | ● | Completely | Only Latin symbols (writable on typewriter) | <figcaption> Legend for [Harvey balls](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_balls). </figcaption> </figure> # Chronological List of Descriptions <!-- START-BODY --> [Gloss]: #gloss ## [#gloss] --: Gloss <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** -- **Title:** Gloss **Latin:** ● (only Latin characters) **Language:** any **Country:** -- **Creator:** -- **Source:** -- **Use:** Transcription, teaching **Graphemes:** N/A </summary></details> Glossing is a common practice in sign language research and education. Signs are typically represented by words from the spoken language, usually written in all caps, and sometimes with other conventions to describe repetition, direction or other sign language-only features. Glossing is often used when teaching sign language to beginners to illustrate grammatical and syntactical features of sign language. [Hand Talk Pictographs]: #hand-talk-pictographs ## [#hand-talk-pictographs] ?: Hand Talk Pictographs <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** ? **Title:** Hand Talk Pictographs **Latin:** ○ (no Latin characters) **Language:** PST(?) **Country:** United States **Creator:** -- **Source:** [Graber 2018], [Farnell 1995]: 244--247 **Graphemes:** N/A </summary></details> I have on several occasions encountered mentions of a pictograph style of sign language writing used by native Americans for PST (Farnell [1995][Farnell 1995]: 244--247, Graber [2018][Graber 2018]), which seems to often be mixed with more logographic symbols as well.---It is not clear to me how complete this system of writing is, but I would be greatly amiss if I did not include it on this list. Graber ([2018][Graber 2018]) describes the shape and meaning of some of these symbols, as used in a letter in 1890, but, unfortunately, she does not compare the symbols directly to the corresponding signs in PST. > [...] A circle followed by four loops signifies four brothers. Three > horizontal lines stand for the number three. A box with vertical lines, > followed by a swooping downward and then upward line, means that someone has > been buried in a grave. Together, the signs tell Cozad that he no longer had > four brothers, but only three. One had recently died and been buried. > > <figure> > >  > > <figcaption> > Symbols relating the death and burial of Cozad’s brother. Used by > permission from Dickinson Research Center, National Cowboy & Western > Heritage Museum. > </figcaption> > </figure> > > ([Graber 2018]) > <figure> > >  > > <figcaption> > Figure 7.1. Graphic depictions of Plains Sign Talk by American Indians. Top > part of illustration from Tomkins [1926][Tomkins 1926]:85. Used with > permission. > </figcaption> > </figure> > > Some caution is indeed necessary when dealing with Tomkins' treatment of > pictographs. While inscriptions on rock, birch bark, and hides were > widespread in indigenous North America and served many communicative and > mnemonic functions, Tomkins may well have invented these "pictographic > stories" himself. I have not yet come across any other records of stories or > messages written in the spiral form that Tomkins presents > ([1926][Tomkins 1926]:89), and he may have taken this idea from Dakota winter > counts (see Mallery [1886][Mallery 1886] for examples). Most of the > pictographic "building blocks" used by Tomkins can also be found in the more > scholarly collections of Schoolcraft and Mallery, however (e.g., SKY as half > circle in Schoolcraft [1851--1857][Schoolcraft 1851--1857], vol. 1, pp. 390, > 407; RIVER in Schoolcraft [1851--1857][Schoolcraft 1851--1857], vol. 2, plate > 57; TRADE in Mallery [1886][Mallery 1886]:220). A good example of a message > written using pictographs of this kind and written by an Assiniboine person > can be found in Denig [[1930][Denig 1961]] 1961:603. > > Further examples of pictographs representing the movement paths of signs are > described in Mallery [1886][Mallery 1886]:219--221 and > [1893][Mallery 1893]:639--641, e.g., PIPE, HUNGER, LITTLE CHIEF, DAKOTA, > NOON. The only two exceptions to this I have encountered to date are (a) a > seated human figure signifying "pipe" in which the Dakota artist drew a tiny > human figure making the sign PIPE instead of drawing a pipe (see Batiste > Goode's winter count in Mallery [1886][Mallery 1886]:219); and (b) "Afraid of > Him" a name sign in Red Cloud's census that shows the handshape and arm > position from the sign AFRAID (Mallery [1886][Mallery 1886]:639). It is > interesting to note in passing that Dakota pictographs of persons who were > prisoners are depicted without hands to denote helplessness (Mallery > [1886][Mallery 1886]:242). > > ([Farnell 1995]: 246--247) References for the citations in the quote above: <div class=hanging> [Denig 1961]: #denig-1961 [#denig-1961] Denig, Edwin Thompson. (1961). *Five Indian tribes of the Upper Missouri* (John C. Ewers, Ed.). University of Oklahoma Press. (Original work published 1930; Also available from https://readingroo.ms/4/9/5/5/49557/49557-h/49557-h.htm) [Tomkins 1926]: #tomkins-1926 [#tomkins-1926] Tomkins, William. (1926). *Universal Indian sign language of the Plains Indians of North America*. Published by author. (Reprinted 1969, Dover Publications; Also available from https://archive.org/details/bp_985073) [Mallery 1886]: #mallery-1886 [#mallery-1886] Mallery, Garrick. (1886). *Pictographs of the North American Indians*. *Bureau of American Ethnology Annual Report, 4*, 1--256. Smithsonian Institution. https://archive.org/details/PictographsOfTheNorthAmerican86Pages3256GarrickMallery [Mallery 1893]: #mallery-1893 [#mallery-1893] Mallery, Garrick. (1893). *Picture Writing of the American Indians.* *BAE Annual Report* 10. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Reprinted 1972. Dover Publications. https://archive.org/details/picturewritingof0001mall) [Schoolcraft 1851--1857]: #schoolcraft-1851--1857 [#schoolcraft-1851--1857] Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe. (1851--1857). (Ed.). *Information respecting the history, condition and prospects of the Indian tribes of the United States* (Vols. 1--6). Lippincott, Grambo and Co. (Available from [archive.org](https://archive.org/search?query=schoolcraft+respecting+history+condition+lippincott&sort=date&and\[\]=year:\[1851+TO+1857\]).) </div> [Mimography]: #mimography ## [#mimography] 1825: Mimography <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1825 **Title:** Mimography (original French: Mimographie, Portugese: Mimografia) **Latin:** ○ (no Latin characters) **Language:** LSF **Country:** France (Paris) **Creator:** Bébian, Roch-Ambroise Auguste (hearing) **Source:** [Bébian 1825], [Renard 2004]: 8--47, 168 **Graphemes:** ~190 ([Cardoso 2023]: 66, [Mendes 2020]: 57) </summary></details> Supalla et al. ([2014][Supalla et al. 2014]: 5) mentions Mimography in a footnote (spelling it with an superfluous *e*---"Mimeography"). Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]) repeatedly refers to it as "mimographique" which, presumably, is a more modern French spelling. [Kinemics]: #kinemics ## [#kinemics] 1960: Kinemics <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1960 ([West 1960] published) **Title:** Kinemics (West Notation) **Latin:** ◑ **Language:** PST **Country:** United States **Creator:** West, La Mont, Jr. (hearing) **Source:** [West 1960], [Bergeron 2006], [Farnell 1995], [Renard 2004]: 168 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Not derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]: 168). The Kiremics system used by West ([1960][West 1960]) is quite unique. Symbols are borrowed from both the Latin alphabet and other, phonetic alphabets. There is no correspondence between a fingerspelling and the symbols used---instead West assigns symbols by analogy the consonant charts used for spoken languages letting the place of articulation (labial, alveo-dental, prepalatal, palatal etc.) stand in for hand placement, and when writing hand shapes, also which fingers unfolded/salient. For example, the symbol ‹k› is described as "hand extended, but relaxed, ulnar edge (little finger or right edge) active and salient"---including not only handshape, but also which part of the hand is active/salient in its use. > The number of kinemes charted above ie 66: 18 hand shapes, 40 referents and 8 > directions. The number of different symbols utilized to notate these 66 > kinemes is 39: 34 basic alphabetic symbols and 5 diacritics. ([West 1960]: > 20) * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mont_West [Stokoe Notation]: #stokoe ## [#stokoe] 1960: Stokoe Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1960 **Title:** Stokoe Notation (also 'Stokoe system', French: 'notation Stokoe') **Latin:** ◑ **Language:** ASL **Country:** United States **Creator:** Stokoe, William C. (hearing) **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 59--64, 166, 168 **Graphemes:** 55 (https://scriptsource.org/entry/vwtyy3tjrf) </summary></details> <figure>  <figcaption> Picture from [*Symbol Font for ASL* webpage](https\://aslfont.github.io/Symbol-Font-For-ASL/ways-to-write.html#StokoeNotation) </figcaption> </figure> > The fifty-five symbols used in Stokoe's original script are based on the > shapes of Latin letters, punctuation, and numbers. The script has not been > standardized, and has been adapted for use with various signed languages, so > some consider it a family of related scripts, rather than a single script. > Stokoe dubbed the three types of symbols tab ("tabula" or sign location), dez > ("designator" or handshape & orientation), and sig ("signification" or motion > & action). Symbols are written in strict tab-dez-sig: TD^S^ order. > > Stokoe Notation has been criticized for not distinguishing between sharp and > soft manner of movement or between tenseness and laxness, nor representing > uneven rate of signing or facial expression, all of which are salient > elements of ASL. The script is also not equipped to handle ASL pronouns. > (https://scriptsource.org/entry/vwtyy3tjrf) > Stokoe Notation was first described in 1960 by William C. Stokoe. Stokoe was > the first person to actually document that a sign language was a language in > its own right. He later published a dictionary (1965) for American Sign > Language (ASL) using this notation. In general, his original system used > existing characters on typewriters that could be re-used, however they > clearly have different semantic uses. Subsequently, Stokoe Notation has been > taken and (greatly) expanded by several other sign languages including > British Sign Language (BSL), Italian Sign Language (LIS) and Signed Swedish > (SS). ([2012][Priest 2012]). The "Signed Swedish" part above is incorrect. Swedish sign language transcription have been in the employ of proper Swedish Sign Language since the beginning, though the confusion might have arisen from the fact that the book that first proposed the Swedish version ([Bergman 1977]) is titled "Signed Swedish", even though the author is scathingly critical of the practice of using the spoken language syntax for sign language. * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokoe_notation [DASL Notation]: #dasl ## [#dasl] 1965: DASL Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1965 **Title:** DASL Notation (Dictionary of ASL Notation) **Latin:** ◑ **Language:** ASL **Country:** United States **Creator:** Stokoe, William C. (hearing); Casterline, Dorothy C. (deaf); Croneberg, Carl G. (deaf) **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 168 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> FIXME: Renard classifies the Stokoe notation and DASL notation as two different systems, however I think that's probably not true. I think DASL notation is a minor development that should probably be described in the Stokoe notation section, while this section should be removed. This section remains here until that is verified, however. [SignWriting]: #signwriting ## [#signwriting] 1974: SignWriting <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1974 **Title:** SignWriting (also Sutton SignWriting) **Latin:** ○ **Language:** Any **Country:** Denmark(?), United States **Creator:** Sutton, Valerie (hearing) **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 96--114, 166, 168 **Graphemes:** >670 ([Mendes 2020]: 75) </summary></details> <figure>  <figcaption> Picture from [*Symbol Font for ASL* webpage](https\://aslfont.github.io/Symbol-Font-For-ASL/ways-to-write.html#SignWriting) </figcaption> </figure> Not derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). **On "year" above:** Renard gives the creation year as "1973". <figure class=fixme> <figcaption>FIXME: Verify this AI-generated summary</figcaption> | Creator | Valerie Sutton (a hearing dancer and movement writing specialist), with collaboration from Adam Frost (a Deaf researcher) | Country | Initiated at the request of researchers in Copenhagen, Denmark, but Valerie Sutton is American | Language | Designed to precisely write any signed language. It is becoming a daily writing system for languages like ASL, German Sign Language, and Brazilian Sign Language. It can document all five parameters of sign languages using its specific alphabet, the International SignWriting Alphabet (ISWA 2010). It is a pictorial, bidimensional, and typically vertical writing system. It includes approximately 900 symbols | Estimates for numbers of users today | In use in many countries (over 40) and was chosen for a preliminary ASL Wikipedia translation. It is considered the "most known and widespread" system and one of the "most promising systems" in Brazil. It is taught in specialized schools in various countries </figure> * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SignWriting [Friedman--Mandel Notation]: #friedman-mandel ## [#friedman-mandel] 1976: Friedman--Mandel Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1976 **Title:** Friedman--Mandel Notation (?) **Latin:** ? **Language:** ASL(?) **Country:** United States **Creator:** Friedman--Mandel(?) **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 168 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). <div></div> I have only seen this notation in Renard (2004), and it's only mentioned in a list of notation systems, without further details.---Verify that it actually exists! [Bergman Notation]: #bergman ## [#bergman] 1977: Bergman Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1977 **Title:** Bergman Notation **Latin:** ◑ (alphabetical symbols for handshapes, many novel symbols & diacritics) **Language:** STS **Country:** Sweden **Creator:** Bergman, Brita (hearing) **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 168 **Graphemes:** ~140 ([Zrajm 2017]) </summary></details> Derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). <div></div> *Bergman notation* was first described in Bergman ([1977][Bergman 1977]), and has later been significantly updated and modified, first, by Wallin ([1994][Wallin 1994]), and, then, revised and simplified for broader non-academic use when the official Swedish Sign Language Lexicon was first published ([Hedberg 1997]). The transcription is still in use by the online version of the dictionary ([Svenskt teckenspråkslexikon 2008]). The last guide to its use is Bergman & Björkstrand ([2015][Bergman & Björkstrand 2015]). There's also a Unicode font available online ([Zrajm 2017]). The number of graphemes have varied over time, but font currently used by the Swedish Sign Language Lexicon ([Svenskt teckenspråkslexikon 2008]) includes 40 locations symbols (including 5 diacritics), 40 handshapes, 12 attitude symbols, 41 motion symbols, 16 other symbols. Some of these symbols were requested by the lexicon (when I designed the font) but is not (yet?) in use, such as symbol for 'neutral position' (`U+10c9b3`), or Hedberg's more intuitive circular motion glyphs (`U+10c9ae`, `U+10c9af` and `U+10c9b0`), or the 'bounce' motion symbol (`U+10c9b6`). Wallin ([1994][Wallin 1994]) use a handful of handshape symbols that are not included in the font, and the font also include an experimental set of 'finger phonetics' symbols (for describing arbitrary handshapes) that, to my knowledge, have never been used outside of my own writing. ([Zrajm 2017]). Bergman notation borrows from Stokoe notation, but deviates is several aspects, among other things it uses Swedish fingerspelling alphabet for the handshapes, and features a more detailed attitude description ([Bergman 1977]: 90--92). Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]) gives the creation year as 1979, but this is the date of the publication of the English translation, not the original Swedish Bergman ([1977][Bergman 1977]). [Eshkol-Wachman Notation]: #eshkol-wachman ## [#eshkol-wachman] 1977: Eshkol-Wachman Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1977 **Title:** Eshkol-Wachman Notation **Latin:** ? **Language:** ASL(?) **Country:** United States **Creator:** Cohen; Schlesinger; Namir **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 168 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Not derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). According to [German Wikipedia: "Gebärdenschrift"](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebärdenschrift) Eshkol-Wachmann created the Eshkol-Wachmann Movement Notation System for Israeli Sign Language. > One system which takes account of both manual and non-manual gesture is the > Eshkol-Wachmann Movement Notation System which is used in *A New Dictionary > of Sign Language* by Cohen, Namir and Schlesinger. The authors claim that > with this system it is possible to provide a faithful reproduction and > analysis of any sign and any bodily movement. As the system is primarily > kinetic in that it is concerned with the physical properties of signing, it > could be used as the basis for developing a linguistic description. However, > the system is highly complex and if care is not taken such wealth of detail > could confuse rather than clarify. ([Brennan 2004]: 26) [Corazza Notation]: #corazza ## [#corazza] 1980: Corazza Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1980 **Title:** Corazza Notation **Latin:** ◕ (mostly alphabetical, some funny diacritics) **Language:** LIS **Country:** Italy **Creator:** Corazza, Serena (deaf) **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 168, [Miller 2001] **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). Derived from the Berkeley group (in turned derived from DASL), together with [Radutzky notation] according to Miller ([2001][Miller 2001]). ...I'm not 100% sure this counts as a complete notation system, as Corazza ([1990][Corazza 1990]) only give examples for classifiers. > I use the notational system adopted for LIS in Corazza et al. > ([1985][Corazza 1985]) and Volterra ([1986][Volterra 1987]). ([Corazza 1990]) [IVT Notation]: #ivt ## [#ivt] 1980: IVT Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1980 **Title:** IVT Notation **Latin:** ? **Language:** LSF **Country:** France **Creator:** International Visual Théâtre **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 71--77, 168 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Not derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). <figure class=fixme> <figcaption>FIXME: Verify this AI-generated summary</figcaption> | Creator | A group of French Deaf individuals | Language | Not explicitly stated, but implied for French Sign Language (LSF) due to its origin. It is described as a "notation" | Estimates for numbers of users today | Appears to be a by-product of studies for their dictionaries. It is "quickly presented" during workshops but is not systematically taught or published in their dictionaries </figure> [HamNoSys]: #hamnosys ## [#hamnosys] 1984?: HamNoSys <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1984? **Title:** HamNoSys (Hamburg Notation System) **Latin:** ◔ **Language:** Any **Country:** Germany **Creator:** Prillwitz; Vollhaber **Source:** [Prillwitz et al. 1987], [Prillwitz et al. 1989], [Renard 2004]: 81--95, 168 **Graphemes:** 210 </summary></details> <figure>  <figcaption> Picture from [*Symbol Font for ASL* webpage](https\://aslfont.github.io/Symbol-Font-For-ASL/ways-to-write.html#HamNoSys) </figcaption> </figure> Derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Notation_System) says that HamNoSys was created in 1984. > HamNoSys (first version defined in 1984, first published version Prillwitz et > al., 1987) [...] ([Hanke 2004]) > Hamnosys (Hamburg Notation System) was invented at the University of Hamburg > (Germany) by Prillwitz, Vollhaber, and their collaborators in 1989^(1)^. > > <div></div> > > ^(1)^: http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/dgs-korpus/index.php/hamnosys-97.html > > ([Renard 2004]: 81) Below, both citations ([Miller 2001]) are slightly wrong: "Prillwitz & Vollhaber 1989" refers to a whole book, but that volume in its entirety is not included in Miller's reference section, which instead includes the relevant article, Prillwitz & Zienert ([1990][Prillwitz & Zienert 1990]), found in the same book. Also the publication year for "Prillwitz et al. 1990" should have been listed as [1989][Prillwitz et al. 1989]. > **2.2.2 HamNoSys ([Prillwitz & Vollhaber 1989][Prillwitz & Zienert 1990]; > [Prillwitz et al. 1990][Prillwitz et al. 1989])** > > <div></div> > > This system, designed with the aim of applicability to the largest number of > sign languages possible, attempts maximum iconicity in its inventory of > symbols, including handshapes. It provides for detailed notation of point of > contact on the non-dominant hand as well as for the notation of spatial > locations. Provision is made for notation of nonmanuals. The system is > available as a complete software package for the Macintosh operating system > and a computer font for Windows. ([Miller 2001]: 16) <figure class=fixme> <figcaption>FIXME: Verify this AI-generated summary</figcaption> | Year |Development began in 1985, with the first version published in 1984 and further details in 1987 | Creator | A group of researchers at the University of Hamburg (including Prillwitz, Leven, Zienert, Hanke, and Henning) | Country | Germany (University of Hamburg) | Language | Designed to precisely write any signed language, including non-manual features. It employs iconic representations for handshapes and other parameters. It is a linear system, read left-to-right, and uses subscripts, superscripts, and diacritics. It is adaptable for various sign languages. It contains 210 characters | Estimates for numbers of users today | It is popular for academic purposes and is one of the most widely used notation systems by researchers. It is considered the "most developed" system derived from Stokoe </figure> * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Notation_System * https://www.scriptsource.org/scr/Qabn * https://web.archive.org/web/20170104033928/http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/dgs-korpus/index.php/hamnosys.html Uni Hamburg, HamNoSys, accessed July 10, 2017 [Kyle & Woll Notation]: #kyle+woll ## [#kyle+woll] 1985: Kyle & Woll Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1985 **Title:** Kyle & Woll Notation **Latin:** ? **Language:** BSL(?) **Country:** Great Britain **Creator:** Kyle, James G.; Woll, Bencie **Source:** [Kyle & Woll 1985], [Miller 2006], [Renard 2004]: 168 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]: 168). [SignFont]: #signfont ## [#signfont] 1987: SignFont <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1987 **Title:** SignFont **Latin:** ◔ **Language:** ASL **Country:** United States **Creator:** Newkirk, Don E. (hearing) **Source:** [McIntire et al 1987], [Renard 2004]: 168 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> <figure>  <figcaption> Picture from [*Symbol Font for ASL* webpage](https\://aslfont.github.io/Symbol-Font-For-ASL/ways-to-write.html#SignFont) </figcaption> </figure> Not derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). SignFont creation date is given as 1987 by ASL Font (2021), Cardoso (2023) & Mendes (2020), and 1988 by Renard (2004). The handshapes, syntactic nonmanual markers, and adverbial nonmanual markers of SignFont are described in McIntire et al. ([1987][McIntire et al 1987]: 211-213), this however this article does not seem to present a complete system, and only lists the symbols without giving full examples of their use. * [http\://members.home.net/dnewkirk/signfont/orthog.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20010222184041/http://members.home.net/dnewkirk/signfont/orthog.htm) * https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SignFont * https://scriptsource.org/scr/Qaao [Edinburgh--Durham Notation]: #edinburgh-durham ## [#edinburgh-durham] 1988: Edinburgh--Durham Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1988 **Title:** Edinburgh--Durham Notation (?) **Latin:** ? **Language:** BSL(?) **Country:** Great Britain **Creator:** ? **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 168, [Miller 2001] **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]) refers to this as "Edinburgh--Durham", while Miller ([2001][Miller 2001]) refers to it as "Edinburgh/Durham (BSL Dictionary) 1993", both without giving any further explanation or source reference. [Radutzky Notation]: #radutzky ## [#radutzky] 1988: Radutzky Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1988 **Title:** Radutzky Notation (?) **Latin:** ? **Language:** LIS **Country:** Italy **Creator:** Radutzky, Elena (hearing) **Source:** [Radutzky 1988], [Radutzky 1989], [Renard 2004]: 168, [Miller 2001], [Radutzky 2024] **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> * FIXME: Which Radutzky source is correct, if any? Investigate! Derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). Derived from the Berkeley group (in turned derived from DASL), together with [Corazza notation] according to Miller ([2001][Miller 2001]). Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]) misspells the name as "Raclutzky". **On "Creator" above:** Radutzky changed her name to Elena (from Ellen J.), with her early work being published under the earlier name. ([Radutzky 2024]: 421--422) [Liddell & Johnson Notation]: #liddell+johnson ## [#liddell+johnson] 1989: Liddell & Johnson Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1989 **Title:** Liddell & Johnson Notation **Latin:** ? **Language:** ? **Country:** United States **Creator:** Liddell; Johnson **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 168 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Not derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]), who also misspells Liddell's name as "Liddel". [D'Sign]: #dsign ## [#dsign] 1990: D'Sign <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1990 **Title:** D'Sign **Latin:** ◔ **Language:** LSF **Country:** France **Creator:** Jouison, Paul (hearing) **Source:** [Jouison 1990], [Renard 2004]: 78--80, 166, 168 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> > In 1983 and 1990, Paul Jouison published "D'Sign" as a notation system for > French Sign Language. Not derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). [Papaspyrou Notation]: #papaspyrou ## [#papaspyrou] 1990: Papaspyrou Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1990 **Title:** Papaspyrou Notation **Latin:** ? **Language:** all(?) **Country:** Germany **Creator:** Papaspyrou, Chrissostomos **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 168 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). [Schermer Notation]: #schermer ## [#schermer] 1990: Schermer Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1990 **Title:** Schermer Notation (?) **Latin:** ? **Language:** NGT **Country:** Netherlands **Creator:** Schermer **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 168, [Miller 2001] **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). Derived from the Berkeley group (in turned derived from DASL) according to Miller ([2001][Miller 2001]). <div class=hanging> Schermer, T. (1990). *In search of a language: Influences from spoken Dutch on Sign Language of the Netherlands* [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Amsterdam. </div> [Johnston Notation]: #johnston ## [#johnston] 1991: Johnston Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1991 **Title:** Johnston Notation **Latin:** ? **Language:** Auslan(?) **Country:** Australia **Creator:** Johnston **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 168 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). [Zaytseva notation]: #zaytseva ## [#zaytseva] 1991?: Zaytseva notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1991? **Title:** Zaytseva notation **Latin:** ◕ (Cyrillic and Latin with arrows and some quirky symbols) **Language:** RSL **Country:** Russia **Creator:** Zaytseva (hearing) **Source:** [Zaytseva 2000] **Graphemes:** 19 (explicitly mentioned, unknown additional number implied) </summary></details> <figure>  <figcaption> Picture from [*Шрифт для записи РЖЯ* \[Font for writing RSL\] webpage](https://ajnoeo.github.io/rslfont/RSL_font/ways-to-write.html#Zaytseva) </figcaption> </figure> Zaytseva ([2000][Zaytseva 2000]) presents a fragment of a potential notation system for RSL. It serves to illustrate the components that a sign consists of. The system is bilinear, using one line per hand, and describes handshape, localization and movement. This is not a complete notation system and Zaytseva explicitly notes this in the text: > Let us emphasize that the author is far from believing the notation system > she proposes to be completely devoped, finalized. A lot of work is needed to > rigorously check if all the signs "fit" the notation. Maybe the picked > parameters are not enough? Then wouldn't it happen that two signs have the > same formula? ([Zaytseva 2000], transl. by Ajno/Artiom Boyko) * [RSL Font, Ways to write](https://ajnoeo.github.io/rslfont/RSL_font/ways-to-write.html#Zaytseva) [ASL-phabet]: #asl-phabet ## [#asl-phabet] 1992: ASL-phabet <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1992 **Title:** ASL-phabet **Latin:** ◔ (no Latin characters) **Language:** ASL **Country:** United States **Creator:** Supalla, Samuel (deaf) **Source:** [Supalla et al. 2014], [ASL Font 2021], [Cardoso 2023]: 89--80, [Mendes 2020]: 39, Figura 18 **Graphemes:** 32 **Parent:** 1987-signfont **Use:** Children's education </summary></details> Supalla created ASL-phabet in order to teach deaf kids the alphabetic principle as a step on the way to teaching of English writing and spelling. ASL-phabet consists of only 32 graphemes: 22 handshapes, 5 locations, and 5 movements ([Supalla et al. 2014]). <figure>  </figure> > In the 1990's, Deaf linguist Samuel Supalla started working on a simplified > system for writing ASL. He based it off of a system called SignFont that had > been developed at the Salk Institute in California. ([ASL Font 2021]) * https://www.glossinstitute.com/video/asl-phabet-signing-out/ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASL-phabet * https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.asl-phabet.com/ (now defunct) [ASCII-Stokoe Notation]: #ascii-stokoe ## [#ascii-stokoe] 1993: ASCII-Stokoe Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1993 **Title:** ASCII-Stokoe Notation **Latin:** ● (uses only ASCII characters) **Language:** ASL **Country:** United States **Creator:** Mandel, Mark A. (hearing) **Source:** [Mandel 1993], [Renard 2004]: 166, [Miller 2001] **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> [SBM Notation]: #sbm ## [#sbm] 1994: SBM Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1994 **Title:** SBM Notation (Boyer-Haouam Signography; Signographie Boyer-Haouam) **Latin:** ? **Language:** LSF **Country:** France **Creator:** ? **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 115--129, 166, 168 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Not derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). <figure class=fixme> <figcaption>FIXME: Verify this AI-generated summary</figcaption> | Creator | Philippe Boyer & Nadia Haouam (Deaf teachers) | | Year |1994 (when Haouam was trained and the method developed). Boyer's research on the system started between 1990--1995 | Country | France (INJS de Paris) | Language | Developed for French Sign Language (LSF). It uses simple geometric figures for facial expressions and draws some inspiration from Chinese ideograms for hand configurations. It notes facial expressions and gaze orientation. It aims to be fluid and fast like written French. It is claimed it can write "any sign of any country" | Estimates for numbers of users today | Described as the "only method of writing signs used in teaching in France" in specialised schools (e.g., INJS de Paris) </figure> [Farnell Labanotation]: #farnell-labanotation ## [#farnell-labanotation] 1995: Farnell Labanotation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1995 **Title:** Farnell Labanotation **Latin:** ○ (non-alphabetical) **Language:** PST **Country:** United States **Creator:** Farnell, Brenda (hearing) **Source:** [Farnell 1995], [Renard 2004]: 168 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Not derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]), which also gives 1980 as the creation year of Farnell's version of Labanotation. Renard also lists a notation called *Laban-Benesh Labanotation* (1969) -- But I think this notation (like the original Labanotation) is meant for choreography, not sign language. (FIXME: verify this) <div></div> [Labanotation][Wikipedia Labanotation] was first developed by the Rudolf von Laban in 1920s to write dance movement ([von Laban 1928]). Drid Williams later used the system in her anthropological studies (FIXME: reference), but it was Williams student, Brenda Farnell who adapted it for writing for sign language, and put it to use in describing PST. ([Farnell 1995]) [Wikipedia Labanotation]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labanotation [FBL Notation]: #fbl ## [#fbl] 1995?: FBL Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1995? **Title:** FBL Notation (Ferreira-Brito-Langevin Notation, Notação de Ferreira-Brito-Langevin) **Latin:** ●? **Language:** Libras **Country:** France, Brazil **Creator:** Ferreira Brito, Lucinda (hearing); Langevin, Rémi (hearing) **Source:** ? **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> <figure class=fixme> <figcaption>FIXME: Verify this AI-generated summary</figcaption> | Use | Developed for a dictionary | | Script | Latin symbols only | </figure> [Nève Notation]: #neve ## [#neve] 1996: Nève Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1996 **Title:** Nève Notation (or *Gesteme Notation,* *Notation des Gestèmes*) **Latin:** ◕ **Language:** LSFB **Country:** Belgium **Creator:** Nève, François-Xavier (hearing) **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 65--70, 166, 168 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Not derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). [ASL Orthography]: #asl-orthography ## [#asl-orthography] 1997: ASL Orthography <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1997 **Title:** ASL Orthography **Latin:** ● (uses only ASCII characters) **Language:** ASL **Country:** United States **Creator:** Low, Travis (hearing) **Source:** [Low 1997], [ASL Font 2013], [Cardoso 2023], [Mendes 2020] **Graphemes:** ~45 **Parent:** ? </summary></details> <figure>  <figcaption> Picture from [*Symbol Font for ASL* webpage](https\://aslfont.github.io/Symbol-Font-For-ASL/ways-to-write.html#ASLOrthography) </figcaption> </figure> Low is a hearing student of ASL who created ASL Orthography for everyday language use ([http\://www.dawnstar.org/travis/deaf/](https://web.archive.org/web/20030126153916/http://www.dawnstar.org/travis/deaf/)). Aspect is not well represented in the system, and facial features/adverbs are not included at all ([http\://www.dawnstar.org/travis/deaf/asl/](https://web.archive.org/web/20030519222224/http://www.dawnstar.org/travis/deaf/asl/)). <div class=hanging> Achenbach, Philipp; Göksu, Yasmin; Kullmann, Timo; Tregel, Thomas & Göbel, Stefan. (2021). "Towards Handshape Identification for Automatic Gesture Recognition Using Sign Notation Systems". *8th European Conference on Social Media, ECSM 2021,* 307--315(?). DOI 10.34190/ESM.21.004 ISBN 978-1-914587-00-9 </div> [AusWrite]: #auswrite ## [#auswrite] 1997: AusWrite <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1997 **Title:** AusWrite (?) **Latin:** ? **Language:** Auslan **Country:** Australia(?) **Creator:** David Rose **Source:** [Bergermann 2001]?, [Stiedl 2011] **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> > David Rose followed in 1997 with "AusWrite" (Auslan Writing System) for > *Australian Sign Language*. ([German Wikipedia: Geschichte der Gebärdensprachen]) > As a French example, the unfinished project "D'Sign" by Paul Jouison (cf. > Konrad 1992 / Bergermann 2001) may be mentioned here; as an Australian > example, the project "AusWrite Auslan Writing System" by David Rose (cf. > Bergermann 2001); and as an American example, "SignFont" by Newkirk et al. > (cf. ibid), none of which will be discussed in greater detail in the context > of this work. ([Stiedl 2011]) [German Wikipedia: Geschichte der Gebärdensprachen]: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_der_Gebärdensprachen [ELiS]: #elis ## [#elis] 1997: ELiS <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1997 ([Barros 1997] published) **Title:** ELiS (Escrita das Línguas de Sinais) **Latin:** ◔ (no Latin characters) **Language:** Libras/any **Country:** Brazil **Creator:** Barros, Mariângela Estelita (hearing) **Source:** [Barros 1997], [Barros 2006], [Barros 2008], [Barros 2016], [Cardoso 2023], [Mendes 2020] **Graphemes:** 90 </summary></details> **On "year" above:** It should be either 1998 or 1997. Barros ([2006][Barros 2006]) and Barros ([2008][Barros 2008]) give the year as "1997", while Barros ([2016][Barros 2016]), Portugese Wikipedia ("[Portugese Wikipedia: Mariângela Estelita Barros]") and Google Scholar give it as "1998".---I have not been able to obtain the dissertation, so consider the exact year unknown. [Portugese Wikipedia: Mariângela Estelita Barros]: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariângela_Estelita_Barros <figure>  <figcaption> Illustration from Portugese Wikipedia "[Escrita das línguas de sinais](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrita_das_línguas_de_sinais)". </figcaption> </figure> <div> On the name "ELiS": > ELiS is a writing system for LS [Sign Languages], with an alphabetic and > linear basis. This system was created during my master's research in 1997, > and since then it has been continuously refined based on suggestions from > both deaf and hearing colleagues, as well as my own linguistic reflections. > In fact, its name has evolved along with its theoretical development. > > It was originally called "AlfaSig" -- "Alfa" from "alphabetical" and "Sig" > from the Latin "signalis". However, upon realizing the close association of > "alfa," or "alphabetical," with a representation of sounds, I discarded the > name. It was then called "QuiroSig," as the system represents the "quiremas" > [chiremes] of signs, according to the terminology created by Stokoe. During > the pilot study, however, the teacher of the class in which I served as a > researcher noticed that the name lacked a reference to "writing" and referred > only to "signs." For a period, the system was called ScripSig. It was later > renamed again and is now simply and definitively presented as ELiS, an > acronym for Escrita das Línguas de Sinais [writing of sign languages]. The > structure of ELiS that I present here is from 2007. ([Barros 2008]: 25, > translated using ChatGPT) </div> There is also a book about ELiS: <div class=hanging> [Barros 2015]: #barros-2015 [#barros-2015] Barros, Mariângela Estelita. (2015). *ELiS: Sistema Brasileiro de Escrita das Línguas de Sinais* [ELiS: Brazilian Writing System for Sign Languages]. Penso Editora. ISBN 978-8584290512 https://books.google.com?id=mVsbCgAAQBAJ </div> * https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrita_das_línguas_de_sinais [SMYLE]: #smyle ## [#smyle] 1997: SMYLE <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1997 **Title:** SMYLE (Signographie Manuscrite YaelLE) **Latin:** ? **Language:** LSF/any **Country:** France **Creator:** Pierrat-Frappé, Maryline (hearing) **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 130--141, 166, 168 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Not derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]). [Dimskis Notation]: #dimskis ## [#dimskis] 1998?: Dimskis Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 1998? **Title:** Dimskis Notation **Latin:** ◔ (two Cyrillic letters, otherwise custom symbols) **Language:** RSL (Belarusian SL, usually considered a dialect of RSL) **Country:** Belarus, Russia **Creator:** Dimskis, Lidiya Sergeevna (hearing) **Source:** [Dimskis 2002] **Graphemes:** >260 (260 listed in Dimskis 1998; with 100 basic symbols + combinations and modifications, theoretically infinite number possible) </summary></details> <figure>  <figcaption> Picture from [*Шрифт для записи РЖЯ* \[Font for writing RSL\] webpage](https://ajnoeo.github.io/rslfont/RSL_font/ways-to-write.html#Dimskis) </figcaption> </figure> This system is used in [Dimskis 2002], a textbook which teaches the basics of RSL to hearing students. The book references Stokoe but the system used in the book is not based on Stokoe notation. > Using the idea of American researcher W. Stokoe about sign structure, a > system of conventional symbols was developed, allowing recording of signs in > writing. ([Dimskis 2002], transl. by Ajno/Artiom Boyko) This system is linear and iconic, with most handshapes being displayed with the literal image of the handshape and localization being a simplified illustration of the body part. For each sign, hand (right, left or both), handshape, orientation, placement and movement is indicated. Many symbols are compound, allowing the inclusion of detailed information on the relative position of the hands, precise localization on the body, or the manner and path of the movement. The textbook presents isolated signs as well as sentences and texts in RSL using this system. * [RSL Font, Ways to write](https://ajnoeo.github.io/rslfont/RSL_font/ways-to-write.html#Dimskis) [Visagrafía]: #visagrafia ## [#visagrafia] 2001: Visagrafía <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2001 **Title:** Visagrafía **Latin:** ○ (non-alphabetical) **Language:** LSC **Country:** Colombia **Creator:** Gutiérrez, Jaime Hernández (hearing?); Gallego, José Fernando Duque (deaf); Vivas, Edgar Eduardo Medina (deaf); Cardona, Jorge Enrique Castro (deaf) **Source:** [Gutiérrez 2007]?, [Colorado & Ruíz 2010], [Mendes 2020]: 43--44, 58, [Cardoso 2023]: 109--111, 124 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> **Note:** This is distinct from [VisoGrafia], a later system. <figure>  <figcaption> Illustration from [Aprende Visagrafía: Thursday, March 20, 2014](https://aprendevisagrafia.blogspot.com/2014/03/bienvenidos-al-blog-de-visagrafia.html) </figcaption> </figure> * https://aprendevisagrafia.blogspot.com/ [Early Si5s]: #early-si5s ## [#early-si5s] 2007: Early Si5s <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2007 ([Arnold 2007] published) **Title:** Early Si5s **Latin:** ○ **Language:** ASL **Country:** United States **Creator:** Arnold Augustus, Robert (deaf) **Source:** [Arnold 2007] **Graphemes:** ~80 </summary></details> **Note:** This is distinct from [late si5s] (a later development by Arnold), and [ASLwrite] (an offshoot developed in a different direction by Clark and many others). <figure class=si5s> <style>figure.si5s img { vertical-align: middle; display: inline }</style>   <figcaption> Pictures from [*Symbol Font for ASL* webpage](https\://aslfont.github.io/Symbol-Font-For-ASL/ways-to-write.html#si5s) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class=fixme> <figcaption>FIXME: Verify this AI-generated summary</figcaption> | Language | Specifically for ASL. It has its own alphabet called "digibet" with 67 symbols for handshapes. It uses a mix of phonetic and ideographic characters. The writing is linear, left-to-right, but characters are not arranged linearly. It is pictorial. It has 80 characters </figure> * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si5s [SLIPA]: #slipa ## [#slipa] 2003: SLIPA <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2003(?) ([Peterson 2003] published) **Title:** SLIPA (Sign Language IPA) **Latin:** ● (uses only ASCII characters, optionally with Unicode diacritics) **Language:** any **Country:** United States **Creator:** Peterson, David J. (hearing) **Source:** [Peterson 2003], [Cardoso 2023], [Mendes 2020], [ASL Font 2021] **Graphemes:** ? **Use:** Transcription, conlang creation </summary></details> <figure>  <figcaption> Picture from [*Symbol Font for ASL* webpage](https\://aslfont.github.io/Symbol-Font-For-ASL/ways-to-write.html#SLIPA) </figcaption> </figure> **On "year" above:** "2003" is the copyright year given by Peterson ([2003][Peterson 2003]), however the this statement is the same across all pages on the web site, and might not accurately reflect the year of the SLIPA article.---Other sources are also confused about this: Cardoso ([2023][Cardoso 2023]) gives the year as "2000" in multiple places, but as "2003" in the reference section, while Mendes ([2020][Mendes 2020]) and ASL Font ([2021][ASL Font 2021]) both specify the year as "2005". (Alas, [archive.org](https://archive.org) is of no help here, as the first archived version is from 2009.) > I designed SLIPA to be an IPA. As such, it's primarily intended for > transcription. I don't think SLIPA is a good orthography or romanization for > a signed language, just like I don't think the IPA is a good orthography for > any spoken language (if you've ever seen large blocks of text transcribed > using the IPA, you know how hairy it can get). ([Peterson 2003], "[XIIIE: > Some Further, General Comments][peterson-2003-xiiie]") [Tilkin Notation]: #tilkin ## [#tilkin] 2004: Tilkin Notation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2004 ([Bergeron 2004] published, originally created 2002) **Title:** Tilkin Notation **Latin:** ● (only Latin characters) **Language:** LSF **Country:** France **Creator:** Tilkin, Gérald (hearing) **Source:** [Bergeron 2004]: 157--172, [Bergeron 2006]: 7 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> <div> **On "year" above:** "2004" reflects the year a description of Tilkin notation was first published ([Bergeron 2004]: 157--172). The notation was created in 2002 ([Bergeron 2004]: 22). </div> Tilkin notation is described in full in Bergeron ([2004][Bergeron 2004]: 157--172), and only a shorter sample illustration is given in Bergeron ([2006][Bergeron 2006]). Tilkin himself have not published the system ([Bergeron 2006]: 24). <div></div> The entire description given by Bergeron ([2006][Bergeron 2006]: 7) is: > With regard to writing systems, they differ from earlier systems in their aim > of being used regularly by all speakers of a language, rather than solely by > specialists. In this respect, these systems are comparable to the orthography > of a spoken language. These systems are explicitly intended to create a > written modality for a sign language and are developed with that purpose in > mind. Some proposals, such as that of Gérald Tilkin (Tilkin, manuscript), > attempt to use the same graphemes as those used for spoken language systems. > For example, in Tilkin's system, the LSF sign for "écrire" ("to write", as > illustrated in Moody, 1986) is written as: `s28dd+!F-l7`. The written form of > this sign reflects the following elements: > > <figure class=bergeron2006> > <style>.bergeron2006 table { max-width: 100%; > td { vertical-align: top; text-align: left; border: 0; } > }</style> > <figcaption>Figure 5: "To write" (in LSF) taken from Moody (1986)</figcaption> > >  > > | `s28`: | Handshape /S/ (`s`); variant with the index finger extended (`2`); palm facing downward (`8`)| > | `dd+`: | Straight movement repeated twice (double `d`); forward direction (`+`) | > | `!F`: | Contact from the dominant hand (`!`); with the other hand (`F`) | > | `-`: | Hand change | > | `l7`: | Non-dominant hand extended, fingers together (`l`); palm facing upward (`7`) | > > </figure> > > This system is composed of around sixty letters, numbers, and typographic > symbols divided into seven groups: > > * Form-letters (18 letters, each representing a handshape); > * Movement-letters (9 letters, each representing a type of hand movement); > * Body-letters (6 letters, each representing a place of articulation); > * Face-letters (12 letters, each representing a facial expression); > * Direction-letters (6 characters, including 4 numbers and 2 typographic symbols, each representing a direction); > * Part-letters (5 numbers which, when combined with body-letters, specify a part of the body); > * "Other letters" (4 typographic symbols representing hand change, parallelism or symmetry of manual behaviors, or contact). > > In Tilkin's system, all associations between graphemes and what he calls > 'gesture-parts' (that is, a chereme) are entirely arbitrary and have nothing > to do with the shape of the graphemes or the shape of the cheremes. [SignScript]: #signscript ## [#signscript] 2005: SignScript <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2005 **Title:** SignScript **Latin:** ◔ **Language:** ASL **Country:** United States **Creator:** Grushkin, Donald A. (deaf) **Source:** ? **Graphemes:** 130 </summary></details> <figure>  <figcaption> Picture from [*Symbol Font for ASL* webpage](https\://aslfont.github.io/Symbol-Font-For-ASL/ways-to-write.html#SignScript) </figcaption> </figure> The first article about SignScript seems to be Grushkin ([2005][Grushkin 2005])---Even though I have not been able to find this article, this is the earliest article with the word "SignScript" in the title, so I'm assuming this marks the creation of SignScript. <figure class=fixme> <figcaption>FIXME: Verify this AI-generated summary</figcaption> | Language | Developed for ASL. It uses a unique set of symbols to represent handshape, orientation, location, movement, and non-manual morphemes. It is an alphabetic-based system with a limited number of characters, arranged horizontally like English. It has 130 characters </figure> <div class=hanging> [Grushkin 2005]: #grushkin-2005 [#grushkin-2005] Grushkin, Donald A. (2005, February 19). "SignScript: Implications for ASL Instruction and Deaf Education". Orlando, FL: Florida ASL Teacher's Association Convention. </div> [ASLSJ]: #aslsj ## [#aslsj] 2009: ASLSJ <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2009 **Title:** ASLSJ (ASL Sign Jotting) **Latin:** ● **Language:** ASL **Country:** United States **Creator:** Stone, Thomas (hearing) **Source:** ? **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> <figure>  <figcaption> Picture from [*Symbol Font for ASL* webpage](https\://aslfont.github.io/Symbol-Font-For-ASL/ways-to-write.html#ASLSJ) </figcaption> </figure> [SEL]: #sel ## [#sel] 2009: SEL <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2009 **Title:** SEL (Sistema de Escrita de Língua de Sinais) **Latin:** ? **Language:** Libras **Country:** Brazil **Creator:** Lessa-de-Oliveira, Adriana S. C. (hearing) **Source:** ? **Graphemes:** 173 </summary></details> [ASLwrite]: #aslwrite ## [#aslwrite] 2012: ASLwrite <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2012 ([Clark 2012] published) **Title:** ASLwrite **Latin:** ○ **Language:** ASL **Country:** United States **Creator:** Clark, Adrean (deaf); Dameron, Julia (deaf) **Source:** [Clark 2012] **Graphemes:** 105 **Use:** Everyday **Parent:** 2003-early-si5s </summary></details> **Note:** This is distinct from [early si5s] (which it was developed from), and [late si5s] (which took early si5s in a different direction). * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASLwrite * [http://www.aslwrite.com/](https://web.archive.org/web/20181211092657/http://www.aslwrite.com/) (archived version) [ASL Font]: #asl-font ## [#asl-font] 2013: ASL Font <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2013 **Title:** ASL Font **Latin:** ◔ (no Latin characters) **Language:** ASL **Country:** United States **Creator:** 'ASL Font' (?) **Source:** [ASL Font 2013] **Graphemes:** 95 </summary></details> <figure>  <figcaption> Picture from [*Symbol Font for ASL,* "Lesson 12"](https://aslfont.github.io/Symbol-Font-For-ASL/lesson12.html) </figcaption> </figure> This is iconic writing system (which is the most obvious when it comes to handshapes and facial expressions, which are stylized drawings of hands and face) intended to be written with a computer. The system does not use any Latin symbols, but does provide a one-to-one correspondence between the letters of the alphabet, numbers, and several punctuation marks to make it easier to type on a computer keyboard. The system was published together with an extensive comparison of other sign language writing systems. See also [RSL Font]. * https://aslfont.github.io/ * https://aslfont.github.io/Symbol-Font-For-ASL/reference.html (Symbol reference) **On "year" and "creator" above:** The "Symbol Font for ASL" website is published via Github, and according it Git commit history it was first published in 2013. No author name is given on the website, but the Github username is 'aslfont', stylized as 'ASL Font' in the Git commit messages, so that's what I'm using here. [Late Si5s]: #late-si5s ## [#late-si5s] 2013: Late Si5s <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2013 ([Arnold 2013] published) **Title:** Late Si5s **Latin:** ○ **Language:** ASL **Country:** United States **Creator:** Arnold Augustus, Robert (deaf) **Source:** [Arnold 2013] **Graphemes:** 80 **Parent:** 2003-early-si5s </summary></details> **Note:** This is distinct from [early si5s] (which it was developed from), and [ASLwrite] (a different offshoot from early si5s). <figure class=si5s> <style>figure.si5s img { vertical-align: middle; display: inline }</style>   <figcaption> Pictures from [*Symbol Font for ASL* webpage](https\://aslfont.github.io/Symbol-Font-For-ASL/ways-to-write.html#si5s) </figcaption> </figure> * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si5s * https://web.archive.org/web/20160313074858/http://www.si5s.org/ [Séro-Guillaume Writing]: #sero-guillaume ## [#sero-guillaume] 2014: Séro-Guillaume Writing <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2014 **Title:** Séro-Guillaume Writing (Alphabetic Writing of Philippe Séro-Guillaume, L'écriture alphabétique de Philippe Séro-Guillaume) **Latin:** ● **Language:** LSF **Country:** France **Creator:** Séro-Guillaume, Philippe **Source:** [Renard 2004]: 142--143, 166, 168 **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Not derived from Stokoe notation according to Renard ([2004][Renard 2004]), which also lists the following reference for the notation system: <div class=hanging> [Séro-Guillaume 2014]: #sero-guillaume-2014 [#sero-guillaume-2014] Séro-Guillaume, Philippe. (2014). *L'écriture de la langue des signes.* CNFEDS (Chambéry), </div> [Typannot]: #typannot ## [#typannot] 2015: Typannot <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2015(?) **Title:** Typannot **Latin:** ◔ (no Latin characters) **Language:** LSF/any **Country:** France **Creator:** Boutet, Dominique; Doan, Patrick (hearing); Renna, Ilaria; Danet, Claire; Bianchini, Claudia S.; Rébulard, Morgane; Gouguely, Timothée **Source:** [Boutet et al. 2018], [Boutet et al. 2019] **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> * https://www.typannot.com/ * https://youtu.be/p-FbnigxxHE (Typannot: A Typographic System to Transcribe Sign Languages, Patrick Doan) [Signotation]: #signotation ## [#signotation] 2016: Signotation <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2016 **Title:** Signotation **Latin:** ? **Language:** ASL **Country:** United States **Creator:** Hansen, Shelly (hearing) **Source:** [Hansen 2016], [Hansen 2017] **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> Signotation is similar to musical notation, and is written on a staff, with simultaneous components written vertically on the staff, and consecutive parts written from right to left. Hansen is a certified ASL interpreter. She has produced published a blog, a series of Youtube videos and written two books on her system: *Signotation: The Musical Architecture of Signed Languages* ([Hansen 2016]) and *Signotation: ASL Writer's Guide* ([Hansen 2017]). (Though the relationship between the books is not clear to this author. Is the latter an updated version of the first? Or is the first ([Hansen 2016]) a technical description while the latter ([Hansen 2017]) is an introduction for beginners?) * https://signotation.com/ (blog) * https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRJyX-4nIXo_wnplcEXcFu-om7QgjTe9K ("Write ASL Signotation", Youtube playlist, 26 videos) [VisoGrafia]: #visografia ## [#visografia] 2017: VisoGrafia <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2017 **Title:** VisoGrafia **Latin:** ○ (no Latin characters, projectional) **Language:** Libras/any **Country:** Brazil **Creator:** Benassi, Claudio Alves (hearing) **Source:** [Benassi 2017], [Benassi 2019] **Graphemes:** 37? **Parent:** 1974-signwriting, 1997-elis </summary></details> **Note:** This is distinct from [Visagrafía], an earlier system. <div></div> This system was created by professor Benassi in response to a classroom need. While teaching, he had found that [SignWriting] (with its more than 900 different symbols) was too to complicated, while [ELiS] is too abstract. VisoGrafia is thus an attempt at creating something in between these systems, projectional like SignWriting, but with a small, easy-to-memorize, set of symbols just like ELiS. VisoGrafia has been tested in the classroom, and been shown to be relatively easy to learn. ([Benassi 2019]) [Benassi 2016] describes the goals for the system. There is also a Youtube playlist (in Portugese) "Writing signs in VisoGrafia" which describes how to use the system [Benassi 2024]. <aside> **Note:** During research I encountered the following book, which might be of interest (though I have not been able to verify its content, it might be AI generated for all I know). <div class=hanging> [Bueno 2023]: #bueno-2023 [#bueno-2023] Bueno, Áurea de Santana. (2023). *VisoGrafia: Aprendizagem da Escrita e da Leitura de Língua de Sinais* [VisoGraphy: Learning to Write and Read Sign Language] (in Portugese). Editora Appris. ISBN 978-6525041575, https://books.google.com?id=CWTFEAAAQBAJ </div> </aside> * https://escritadesinais.com/2022/08/24/visografia-o-problema-do-conteudo-material-e-forma-na-escrita-de-sinais/ (a blog post announcing Benassi's doctoral thesis) [AusWrit]: #auswrit ## [#auswrit] 2020: AusWrit <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2020 **Title:** AusWrit **Latin:** ○ **Language:** Auslan **Country:** Australia(?) **Creator:** LinguaPhiliax (hearing) **Source:** ? **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> [Iconic Logography]: #iconic-logography ## [#iconic-logography] 2024: Iconic Logography <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2024 ([jan Olipija 2024a] Reddit thread published) **Title:** Iconic Logography (IL) **Latin:** ◔? (no Latin characters) **Language:** BANZSL (BSL, Auslan, NZSL) **Country:** Great Britain **Creator:** jan Olipija (hard of hearing) **Source:** [jan Olipija 2024a], [jan Olipija 2024b], [jan Olipija 2024c] **Graphemes:** ? </summary></details> A logographic writing system intended for BANZSL group of sign languages (BSL, Auslan and NZSL), based on the fact that these languages share a majority of signs and many/most iconic signs. [RSL Font]: #rsl-font ## [#rsl-font] 2024: RSL Font <details class="hanging summary"><summary> **Year:** 2024 **Title:** RSL Font (Шрифт РЖЯ) **Latin:** ◔ (no Latin characters) **Language:** RSL **Country:** Russia **Creator:** Boyko, Artiom Vyacheslavovich **Source:** [Boyko 2024] **Graphemes:** 95? **Parent:** 2013-asl-font </summary></details> In 2024 [ASL Font] was adapted for RSL, called Шрифт РЖЯ, or RSL Font ([Boyko 2024]). This adaptation changed the handshape symbol set to match the handshape inventory of RSL and rearranged the symbol correspondences to work with the Russian keyboard layout, but the principle stayed the same. An RSL-to-Russian dictionary was created using this system ([Boyko 2024]). * https://ajnoeo.github.io/rslfont (RSL version of [ASL Font]) * https://2dd.artboy.ru (RSL dictionary) <!-- END-BODY --> # Glossary <div class=hanging> [ASL]: #asl [#asl] **ASL**---*American Sign Language*. [Auslan]: #auslan [#auslan] **Auslan**---*Australian Sign Language*. [BANZSL]: #banzsl [#banzsl] **BANZSL**---British, Australian and New Zealand Sign Language. A language grouping of the three related sign languages: [BSL], [Auslan] and [NZSL]. [BSL]: #bsl [#bsl] **BSL**---*British Sign Language*. [LIS]: #lis [#lis] **LIS**---*Italian Sign Language* (*lingua dei segni italiana* in Italian). [LSC]: #lsc [#lsc] **LSC**---*Colombian Sign Language* (*Lengua de Señas Colombiana* in Spanish). [LSF]: #lsf [#lsf] **LSF**---*French Sign Language* (*langue des signes française* in French). [LSFB]: #lsfb [#lsfb] **LSFB**---*French Belgian Sign Language*. [LSQ]: #lsq [#lsq] **LSQ**---*Quebec Sign Language* (*langue des signes québécoise* in French). [Libras]: #libras [#libras] **Libras**---*Brazilian Sign Language*. Formerly called *Brasileira de Sinais* (LSB). [linear]: #linear [#linear] **Linear**---A writing system where the symbols are placed one after another in a string, that is, placement and/or rotation of symbols are *not* do related to how they are expressed. Often the writing direction is fixed, and sometimes it is determined by the glyphs involved (as with diacritics). To my knowledge, all spoken languages have linear writing systems. Antonym: [projectional]. [NGT]: #ngt [#ngt] **NGT**---*Dutch Sign Language* (*Nederlandse Gebarentaal* in Dutch), sometimes called SLN (*Sign Language of the Netherlands*). Closely related to, but not the same as VGT (*Flemish Sign Language* or *Vlaamse Gebarentaal* in Dutch). [NZSL]: #nzsl [#nzsl] **NZSL**---*New Zealand Sign Language.* [projectional]: #projectional [#projectional] **Projectional**---A writing systems that projects the three dimensions of signing space onto the two dimensional writing surface is said to be *projectional.* This is true of, for example, [ASLwrite], [early][Early Si5s] & [late Si5s], [SignWriting], [Visagrafía], and [VisoGrafia]. Antonym: [linear]. [PST]: #pst [#pst] **Plains Sign Talk**---Formerly called *Plains Indian Sign Language* (PISL). [RSL]: #rsl [#rsl] **RSL**---*Russian Sign Language.* [STS]: #sts [#sts] **STS**---*Swedish Sign Language* (*Svenskt teckenspråk* in Swedish). Formerly abbreviated SSL. </div> # Thanks Many thanks to Boyko (Ajno on the *Signed Conlangs* Discord) for contributing the description of [Dimskis][Dimskis notation] and [Zaytseva notation] as well as their own system [RSL font]. # References <div class=hanging> [Arnold 2007]: #arnold-2007 [arnold-2007]: pdf/arnold-2007-a_proposal_for_a_written_system_of_asl.pdf [#arnold-2007] Arnold, Robert W. (2007, Spring). *[A Proposal for a Written System of American Sign Language][arnold-2007]* (Publication No. 1478363) [Master's dissertation]. Gallaudet University. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. https://www.proquest.com/openview/0bf6958edde1ff63634874631933a2ea/ [Arnold 2013]: #arnold-2013 [arnold-2013]: pdf/arnold_augustus+ritchie+stecker-2013-official_asl_writing_textbook.pdf [#arnold-2013] Arnold Augustus, Robert; Ritchie, Elsie and Stecker, Suzanne. (2013). *[The Official American Sign Language Writing Textbook][arnold-2013]*. ASLized & si5s. ISBN: 978-1-4675-4293-7. [ASL Font 2021]: #asl-font-2021 [aslfont-2021-table]: https://aslfont.github.io/Symbol-Font-For-ASL/ways-to-write.html#Comparison [aslfont-2021]: pdf/aslfont-2024-symbol_font_for_asl.pdf [#asl-font-2021] ASL Font. (2021). "[Symbol Font for ASL: How Can You Read and Write American Sign Language?][aslfont-2021]" Retrieved 18 December, 2024, from https://aslfont.github.io/Symbol-Font-For-ASL/ways-to-write.html (FIXME: Combine with below entry?) [ASL Font 2013]: #asl-font-2013 [#asl-font-2013] ASL Font. (2013). *Symbol Font for ASL: How can you read and write American Sign Language?* https://aslfont.github.io/Symbol-Font-For-ASL/ [Barros 1997]: #barros-1997 [#barros-1997] Barros, Estelita Mariângela. (1997). *Proposta de escrita das línguas de sinais* [Proposal for writing sign languages; Master's dissertation] (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Goiás. [Barros 2006]: #barros-2006 [barros-2006]: pdf/barros-2006-scripsig_escrita_quirografica_das_linguas_de_sinais.pdf [#barros-2006] Barros, Mariângela Estelita. (2006). "[ScripSig: Escrita quirográfica das línguas de sinais][barros-2006]" [ScripSig: Cheregraphic writing of the sign languages] (in Portugese). *Fragmentos, 30*, 155--167. Florianópolis. https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/fragmentos/article/view/8225 [Barros 2008]: #barros-2008 [barros-2008]: pdf/barros-2008-elis_escrita_das_linguas_de_sinais.pdf [#barros-2008] Barros, Mariângela Estelita. (2008). *[ELiS – Escrita das línguas de sinais: proposta teórica e verificação prática][barros-2008]* [ELiS – Writing of Sign Languages: Theoretical Proposal and Practical Verification; Doctoral dissertation] (in Portugese). Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. [Barros 2016]: #barros-2016 [barros-2016]: pdf/barros-2016-principios_basicos_da_elis.pdf [#barros-2016] Barros, Mariângela Estelita (2016). “[Princípios Básicos da ELiS: Escrita das Línguas de Sinais][barros-2016]” [Basic Principles in ELiS: Sign Language Writing]. *Revista Sinalizar 1*(2), 204--210. DOI 10.5216/rs.v1i2.38881 https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/handle/ri/17493 [Bébian 1825]: #bebian-1825 [bebian-1825]: pdf/bebian-1825-mimographie.pdf [#bebian-1825] Bébian, Roch-Ambroise Auguste. (1825). *[Mimographie, ou Essai d’écriture mimique, propre a régulariser le langage des Sourds-muets][bebian-1825]* [Mimography, or, An Essay on Gesture Writing, Aimed at Standardizing the Language of the Deaf-Mute] (in French). Paris: Chez Louis Colas Libraire. https://archive.org/details/gu_mimographieou00bebi [Benassi 2016]: #benassi-2016 [benassi-2016]: pdf/benassi-2016-proposal_for_reinterpretation_of_signwriting_and_elis.pdf [#benassi-2016] Benassi, Claudio Alves. (2016). "[Proposta de releitura do SignWriting e da ELiS][benassi-2016]" [Proposal for a Reinterpretation of SignWriting and ELiS] (in Portugese). *Revista Falange Miúda (ReFaMi), 1*(1), 34--39. https://periodicos.upe.br/index.php/refami/article/view/602/497 [Benassi 2017]: #benassi-2017 [benassi-2017]: pdf/benassi-2017-visografia_some_developments.pdf [#benassi-2017] Benassi, Claudio Alves. (2017). "[VisoGrafia: Alguns desdobramentos do objeto de tese 'escrita de sinais'][benassi-2017]" [VisoGrafia: Some developments of the thesis subject 'Sign Writing'] (in Portugese). *Revista Falange Miúda (ReFaMi), 2*(2), 123--133. https://periodicos.upe.br/index.php/refami/article/view/526/428 [Benassi 2019]: #benassi-2019 [benassi-2019]: pdf/benassi-2019-visografia-problem_of_content_material_and_form.pdf [#benassi-2019] Benassi, Claudio Alves. (2019). *[VisoGrafia: O problema do conteúdo, material e forma na escrita de sinais][benassi-2019]* [VisoGrafia: The problem of content, material and form in sign writing”; Doctoral dissertation] (in Portugese). Cuiabá: Instituto de Linguagens, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nwO2Dstg_TgnOsS2K-GpTZ5AuPODrc4u [Benassi 2024]: #benassi-2024 [#benassi-2024] Benassi, Claudio Alves. (2024, June 5). *Escrita de Sinais VisoGrafia* [Writing signs in VisoGrafia, Playlist, 29 videos] (in Portugese). Youtube. https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLiQAXZvQA1OzeY9lf_ONAO03RhZ675GEm [Bergermann 2001]: #bergermann-2001 [#bergermann-2001] Bergermann, Ulrike. (2001). *Ein Bild von einer Sprache: Konzepte von Bild und Schrift und das Hamburger Notationssystem für Gebärdensprachen* [A Picture of a Language: Concepts of Image and Writing and the Hamburg Notation System for Sign Languages]. München: Wilhelm Fink Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7705-3598-9. [Bergeron 2004]: #bergeron-2004 [bergeron-2004]: pdf/bergeron-2004-pertinence_et_forme_dun_systeme_decriture_pour_la_lsq.pdf [#bergeron-2004] Bergeron, Louis-Félix. (2004). *[Pertinence et forme d'un système d'écriture pour la LSQ][bergeron-2004]* [Relevance and form of a writing system for LSQ; Master's dissertation] (in French). Montréal: Université du Québec. https://lsq.uqam.ca/sites/default/files/MémoireLFB.pdf [Bergeron 2006]: #bergeron-2006 [bergeron-2006]: pdf/bergeron-2006-typologie_systemes_ecrits_pour_les_langues_signees.pdf [#bergeron-2006] Bergeron, Louis-Félix. (2006). "[Typologie De systèmes écrits pour les langues signées][bergeron-2006]" [Typology of Writing Systems for Signed Languages] (in French). Montréal: Université du Québec. [Bergman 1977]: #bergman-1977 [bergman-1977]: pdf/bergman-1977-tecknad_svenska.pdf [#bergman-1977] Bergman, Brita. (1977). *[Tecknad svenska][bergman-1977]* [Signed Swedish] (in Swedish). Utbildningsforskning 28. Stockholm: Liber Läromedel/Utbildningsförlaget. ISBN 91-47-02483-6. [Bergman & Björkstrand 2015]: #bergman+björkstrand-2015 [bergman+björkstrand-2015]: pdf/bergman+bjorkstrand-2015-teckentranskription.pdf [#bergman+björkstrand-2015] Bergman, Brita & Björkstrand, Thomas. (2015). *[Teckentranskription][bergman+björkstrand-2015]* [Sign Transcription] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Section for Sign Language, Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University. [Boutet et al. 2019]: #boutet+others-2019 [boutet+others-2019]: pdf/boutet+others-2019-typannot_new_glyphic_system_to_annotate_handshapes.pdf [#boutet+others-2019] Boutet, Dominique; Bianchini, Claudia Savina; Danet, Claire; Doan, Patrick; Rébulard, Morgane; Contesse, Adrien & Chèvrefils-Desbiolles, Léa. (2019). "[Typannot: A new glyphic system to annotate handshapes in any sign languages][boutet+others-2019]" [Presentation Slides]. ISGS8: 8th Conference of the International Society of Gesture Studies "Gesture and diversity". https://hal.science/hal-02342788 [Boutet et al. 2018]: #boutet+others-2018 [boutet+others-2018]: pdf/boutet+others-2018-systemes_graphematiques_et_ecritures_des_langues_signees.pdf [#boutet+others-2018] Boutet, Dominique; Doan, Patrick; Danet, Claire; Bianchini, Claudia Savina; Goguely, Timothée; Contesse, Adrien & Rébulard, Morgane. (2018). "[Systèmes graphématiques et écritures des langues signées][boutet+others-2018]" [Graphematic systems and the writing of signed languages] (in French). *Signata*, 9, 391--426. DOI 10.4000/signata.1684 [Boyko 2024]: #boyko-2024 [boyko-2024]: pdf/boyko-2024-development_of_a_practical_notation_system_for_russian_sign_language.pdf [#boyko-2024] Boyko, Artyom Vyacheslavovich. (2024). *[Разработка практической системы нотации русского жестового языка и её применение для создания двустороннего словаря][boyko-2024]* [Development of a practical notation system for Russian Sign Language and its application in creating a bidirectional dictionary] (in Russian) [Bachelor's thesis]. HSE University, Moscow. [Brennan 2004]: #brennan-2004 [#brennan-2004] Brennan, Mary. (2004). *Words in hand: A structural analysis of the signs of British sign language*. https://archive.org/details/wordsinhandstruc0000mary [Cardoso 2023]: #cardoso-2023 [cardoso-2023]: pdf/cardoso-2023-sistematizacao_dos_aspectos_linguisticoestruturais_da_libras.pdf [cardoso-2023-table]: pdf/cardoso-2023-sistematizacao_dos_aspectos_linguisticoestruturais_da_libras.pdf#page=125 [#cardoso-2023] Cardoso, Silvana Alves. 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